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A revived language is one that, having experienced near or complete extinction as either a spoken or written language, has been intentionally revived and has regained some of its former status. The most frequent reason for extinction is the marginalisation of local languages within a wider dominant nation state, which might at times amount to outright political oppression. This process normally works alongside economic and cultural pressures for greater centralisation and assimilation. Once a language has become marginalised in this way, it is often perceived as being "useless" by its remaining speakers, who associate it with low social status and poverty, and consequently fail to pass it on to the next generation. The only substantial success story in the field of language revival is Hebrew; all other cases are just projects of limited success. ==Ainu== (詳細はAinu language of the indigenous Ainu people of northern Japan is currently moribund, identified by Japanese scholars as a "dying language" since the 1920s.〔(Cultural Diversity, Heritage and Human Rights: Intersections in Theory and ... - William Logan, Máiréad Nic Craith - Google Books )〕 A 2006 survey of the Hokkaido Ainu indicated that only 4.6% of Ainu surveyed were able to converse in or "speak a little" Ainu.〔 As of 2001, Ainu was not taught in any elementary or secondary schools in Japan, but was offered at numerous language centres and universities in Hokkaido, as well as at Tokyo's Chiba University.〔(Can Threatened Languages Be Saved?: Reversing Language Shift, Revisited : A ... - Joshua A. Fishman - Google Books )〕 An Ainu language radio station was established in Hokkaido in 2001, and manga books have been produced in the language.〔(Hokkaido: A History of Ethnic Transition and Development on Japan's Northern ... - Ann B. Irish - Google Books )〕 The work of researcher Kayano Shigeru has been prominent in the revival of Ainu, including the recording of the Ainu oral epics known as ''yukar''. Shigeru also began the Nibutani Ainu Language School in 1983, the first Ainu school in Japan.〔(Multicultural Japan: Palaeolithic to Postmodern - Donald Denoon, Mark Hudson - Google Books )〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「List of revived languages」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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